Vision: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information (MIT Press)
David Marr
Language: English
Pages: 432
ISBN: 0262514621
Format: PDF / Kindle (mobi) / ePub
David Marr's posthumously published Vision (1982) influenced a generation of brain and cognitive scientists, inspiring many to enter the field. In Vision, Marr describes a general framework for understanding visual perception and touches on broader questions about how the brain and its functions can be studied and understood. Researchers from a range of brain and cognitive sciences have long valued Marr's creativity, intellectual power, and ability to integrate insights and data from neuroscience, psychology, and computation. This MIT Press edition makes Marr's influential work available to a new generation of students and scientists.
In Marr's framework, the process of vision constructs a set of representations, starting from a description of the input image and culminating with a description of three-dimensional objects in the surrounding environment. A central theme, and one that has had far-reaching influence in both neuroscience and cognitive science, is the notion of different levels of analysis -- in Marr's framework, the computational level, the algorithmic level, and the hardware implementation level.
Now, thirty years later, the main problems that occupied Marr remain fundamental open problems in the study of perception. Vision provides inspiration for the continuing efforts to integrate knowledge from cognition and computation to understand vision and the brain.
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Color vision or of the retina, but it showed the possible style of a correct analysis. Gone are the ad hoc programs of computer vision; gone is the restriction to a special visual miniworld; gone is any explanation in term of neuronsexcept as a way of implementing a method. And present is a clear understanding of what is to be computed, how it is to be done, the physical assumptions on which the method is based, and some kind of analysis of algorithms that are capable of carrying it out. 1.2.
Of a certain angular dimension in the visual field, and the motor strategy is such that if the visible object was another fly a few inches away, then it would be Figure 1-6. The horizontal component of the visual input R to t+e fly's flight system is described by the formula R = D(+) - r(+) $, where is the direction of the stimulus and is its angular velocity in the fly's visud field.D(+) is an odd function, as shown in (a), which has the effect of keeping the target centered in the fly's visual.
The tokens are too different (Figure 2-3d), however, no pattern is seen. Glass and Switkes (1976) showed that the effect fails if the dots have opposite contrast or opponent colors. Stevens (1978, fig 51a) showed that if three sets of dots are superimposed-the original, a rotated, and an expanded set-no organizationis visible. If, say,the rotated set is made much brighter than the other two, then one sees the organization present in the dimmer pairs. This proves that the effect is based on a.
Processing leads to an interpretation of many results from the psychophysical and neurophysiological investigations into early vision and to a proposal for the overall strategy behind the design of the first part of the visual pathway i%e psychophysics of early vh-ion In 1968, Campbell and Robson carried out some adaptation experiments. They found that the sensitivity of subjects to high-contrast gratings was Repraenthzg the Image temporarily reduced after exposure to such gratings and this.
Some cannot be even in principle. We shall meet some examples of this later on, but it may be worth mentioning here that the Ames room illusion may be one. Without stereopsis or motion cues, the assumptions of right angles cannot be tested internally Finally, there are situations in which matching is ambiguous from both eyes. In this case, the ambiguity can be resolved by consulting the signs of the neighboring matches and choosing the matches with the same sign. There is, however, an important.