Reinventing Citizenship: Black Los Angeles, Korean Kawasaki, and Community Participation (Critical American Studies)
Kazuyo Tsuchiya
Language: English
Pages: 280
ISBN: 0816681120
Format: PDF / Kindle (mobi) / ePub
In the 1960s and 1970s, the United States and Japan went through massive welfare expansions that sparked debates about citizenship. At the heart of these disputes stood African Americans and Koreans. Reinventing Citizenship offers a comparative study of African American welfare activism in Los Angeles and Koreans’ campaigns for welfare rights in Kawasaki. In working-class and poor neighborhoods in both locations, African Americans and Koreans sought not only to be recognized as citizens but also to become legitimate constituting members of communities.
Local activists in Los Angeles and Kawasaki ardently challenged the welfare institutions. By creating opposition movements and voicing alternative visions of citizenship, African American leaders, Tsuchiya argues, turned Lyndon B. Johnson’s War on Poverty into a battle for equality. Koreans countered the city’s and the nation’s exclusionary policies and asserted their welfare rights. Tsuchiya’s work exemplifies transnational antiracist networking, showing how black religious leaders traveled to Japan to meet Christian Korean activists and to provide counsel for their own struggles.
Reinventing Citizenship reveals how race and citizenship transform as they cross countries and continents. By documenting the interconnected histories of African Americans and Koreans in Japan, Tsuchiya enables us to rethink present ideas of community and belonging.
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Ministry of Home Affairs, acknowledged that it would be dangerous to have a fixed idea about a model community and the way it should be created. He contended, however, that “our nation is far behind other countries in maintaining the local environment” and that it would be “extremely effective for the local government to present some idea of a community and develop facilities that would improve the local environment.”38 Sociologist Kurasawa Susumu agreed with Kimura. He argued that while the.
Into programs for teenagers, Opal C. Jones would launch significant critiques of the EYOA, using NAPP as a vehicle for social change. How did the EYOA decide on the eligibility of its program participants? Based on the eligibility criteria issued by the OEO in its CAP program guide, the EYOA established its own standards for each program, but as for the definition of “poverty” in the election, the poor were defined as those with a family income of less than $4,000 a year regardless of the number.
Neighborhood adults and the antipoverty agencies. Neighborhood development was for organizing neighborhoods and their people to work on their own behalf “toward self-help, self-determination and total improvement.” NAPP also helped people improve their neighborhoods through various kinds of activities: offering residents English classes, adult education classes, civil RECASTING THE COMMUNITY ACTION PROGRAM · 89 service instructions, and hot lunches for school children; helping neighborhood.
Industrial Organizations Aid to Needy Children Community Action Program Citizens’ Crusade against Poverty Community Conservation Corps Council of Economic Advisers Counterintelligence Program Economic Opportunity Federation Economic and Youth Opportunities Agency of Greater Los Angeles Fair Employment Practices Commission U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Korean Christian Church in Japan (Zainichi Daikan Kirisuto Kyōkai) Los Angeles Police Department Lyndon Baines Johnson Liberal.
A symbol of the “Kawasaki system” of welfare.51 158 · VOICING ALTERNATIVE VISIONS OF CITIZENSHIP The legacy of their struggles has continued far beyond the 1970s and early 1980s. The Basic Education Policy toward Resident Non-Nationals led to the establishment of the Kawasaki City Representative Assembly for Foreign Residents in 1996 and the enactment of the Multicultural Society Promotion Guide in 2005.52 The Fureaikan continues to serve local residents—Korean, Japanese, and other resident.